Community pharmacy and management important question and answers by S R Pharamcy

   Community Pharmacy and Management

                                  Important questions and answers for all states

Prepared By S R Pharmacy

All @rights reserved

This is According to New syllabus of PCI

It is effective for all states and Universitie

 

Disclaimer

This is only a guess paper, and it is provided for practice purposes only. Please use it at your own responsibility. 

अस्वीकरण:

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Q. 1. Define community pharmacy discuss the development of Pharmacy profession in India .

Ans . Definition

Community pharmacy or retail pharmacy is the most popular branch of pharmacy that provides medication and heath care service to the people.

History

1) In ancient time pharmacy practice was not recognized as today , and was no scope .

2) there was no need of community pharmacy because Yunani or aurvedic doctors dispense medicine by themselves or by their workers .

3) there were no professional  courses for community Pharmacy practice .

4) when allopathic medicine system started, in beginning  doctors dispense the medicines themselves but with the passage of time they started having workers with them and then doctors prescribe the drugs and workers compound and  dispense the drugs to patients , from there the word  "Compounder " coined .

5) before Pharmacy Act 1948  many of people started to sell drugs  without any registration and drug license and this  was not a crime .

6) After the Pharmacy Act  enforced , it was compulsory that the pharmacist are working in India , must  have a Pharmacist Registration Certificate issued by the state in which they want to practice , but no qualification was prescribed .

7) After the pharmacy education have become effective , then it was compulsory to pass a approved examination to  become a new  registered  pharmacist .

8) the minimum qualification required for the registration is diploma in pharmacy or any other qualification approved by PCI  .

Development   Indian Scenario

1.Pre-Independence Era (Before 1947)

o    Pharmacy practice was unregulated, and traditional medicine systems (Ayurveda, Unani) were dominant.

o    A pharmacy college was established at Banaras Hindu university in 1932.

o    The Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) was introduced to regulate the sale and manufacture of medicines.

2.Post-Independence Growth (1950s–1980s)

o    The Pharmacy Act of 1948 led to the establishment of the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) to regulate pharmacy education and practice.

o    Community pharmacies remained primarily focused on medicine dispensing rather than patient care.

o    The Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) was introduced to regulate drug prices.

o     Community pharmacist play a vital role in today's world .

o    The function of pharmacist has changed over the last 50 years as community health demand has increased  

o    Today pharmacists are giving services as medical counselor , educators , compounder , and also dispense the prescribed and non prescribed drugs .

o    People want to go to pharmacists for primary care because they are easily available and no appointment required , and their services are economical .

International Scenario

1.   Early Development (19th–20th Century)

o    Pharmacy practice was initially limited to drug preparation and dispensing.

2.   Regulatory Advancements (Mid-20th Century)

o    Countries like the USA, UK, and Canada implemented regulations to standardize pharmacy practice.

o    The Thalidomide tragedy (1950s–1960s) led to stricter drug regulations worldwide.

o    The American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was formed to enhance pharmacy practice.

3.   Pharmaceutical Care Concept (1970s–1990s)

o    Pharmacists became responsible for medication therapy management (MTM) and patient counseling.

Q. 2 . Explain patient counselling describe the steps of patient counselling .

Ans.  Definition

Patient Counselling is a process to provide Medication Information to the patients or their representatives ( attendant ) , about drug uses ,storage  , dose , adverse  effect , contraindications and changes in lifestyle . ( verbally or in written form )

Benefits of Patient Counselling

Ø  It increase the effectiveness of  drugs

Ø  A patient  receives  a better and  sufficient knowledge about the drug .

Ø it clears patient doubt about using drug

Ø  It decrease  medication mistakes

Ø   patient feel courage to ask question

Ø It  decrease the chances for Interaction of drug to drug or drug to food .

Ø it decrease the chances for degradation of drug

Ø It provide storage condition

Ø it provides non pharmacological management disease

Ø  it provide a knowledge about adverse effect in case of adverse effect patient will not panic.

Ø  It provides a knowledge , what to do if a dose missed .

Ø  It provides satisfaction to patients  about medication .

Stages Of Patient Counselling

Following are the steps to be followed for  Counselling :

1) Preparation For Counselling  Session

2) Opening of the counselling session

3) Counselling Content

4) Closing Session

Stage  1 Preparation For Counselling  Session

v A successful counselling depends on the skill of counsellor ( pharmacist ) before counselling pharmacist should know about patient condition and his treatment details as much as possible .

v   In community pharmacy resources  of information includes patient ,  prescription  and record of previous dispensing

v  if the pharmacist is unfamiliar to the drugs that patient is taking then Pharmacist  should  obtain appropriate information before counselling  .

v  He  should consider the physical and mental condition of patient.

 

Stage 2 Opening  Session ( Introduction )

In this session pharmacist should  consider following things :

o  The pharmacist should greet the patient by name and introduce himself

o  Pharmacist should tell the purpose of counselling

o  The pharmacist should gather information from patients about their understanding of disease and drug treatment

o  The pharmacist should ask open ended questions rather than close ended questions for example what did your doctor tell you about your disease ? what do you know about your disease ?

Stage 3 Counselling Content

This is the most important part of the counselling session in the session the pharmacist will explain about medication and changes in lifestyle following information should be delive during counselling

ü Name and dose of medication

ü Reason why it is prescribed

ü Route of administration

ü Duration of drug administration

ü Expected benefits

ü Expected duration of treatment

ü Possible adverse effects

ü Storage recommendations

ü What to do if a dose is missed

ü Minimum duration required to show  therapeutic benefit

 Stage 4 Closing Session

Before closing the counselling session it is essential to check the patient understanding this can be achieved by feedback questions for example

·    how long will you take this medication ?

·    when will you take this medication   ?

·    what will you do if you missed any dose ?

·    The  Pharmacist should  Ask the patient have you  any doubt ?

·    before closing pharmacist should summarise the main points if time permits for that .

·    Pharmacist can share his contact number .

·     

Q.3.Discuss the barriers to effective patient counseling and Strategies to Overcome barriers

Ans.

Barriers To Effective Patient counselling

The things decrease the effectiveness of  Counselling are called Barriers to Effective Counselling . Three types of  Barriers are following : 

1)  Pharmacist - Related - Barriers :

a)  Lack Of Knowledge about patients

b) Lack Of Knowledge about patient 's disease condition .

c) Lack of Confidence

d) lack of skill

e)  age differences

f)  Difference Gender

g) Inappropriate  communication

h) Language Differences

i)   Lack of listening .

j)   Lack of Time

k)  lack of Preparation

2) Patient - Related Barriers :

a)      lack of trust

b) poor listening

c)      lack of time

d) Physical or mental condition

e)     Gender Differences

f)      language Differences

g)     Misunderstanding of Information

h) Lack of Literacy

i)       lack of expression .

j)      poor communication

3) System -Related Barriers :

a)       Lack of privacy 

b) lack of pharmacist in pharmacy

c)        lack of time

d) Heavy patient flow for prescription filling .

Strategies to Overcome barriers

1) increasing skill

2) Body language

3) Increasing Number of Pharmacist

4) Proper communication

5) proper listening of patients

6) Checking for understanding

7) using pictograms

8) avoiding anger

9) security of privacy

10 ) preparation  before Counselling .

Q. 4 . What is OTC medication describe the role of pharmacist in OTC meditation dispensing  and risk factors of OTC  Medication .

Ans.  Definition

OTC  means over the counter , it is also called non-prescription drug , these are the drugs which can be purchased without valid prescription .

Like anti-pyretics , expectorant , analgesic balm , acne creams etc. 

Need and role of pharmacist in OTC meditation dispensing

·    pharmacists are the person whom people contact for OTC meditation generally , so there is great demand of pharmacist for OTC meditation

·     when they are initial point of contact for OTC Medication  they should be careful regarding their responsibilities of otc meditation.

·    They should track the uses of otc meditation .

·    They are required to limit to the frequency of otc medications.

·    The pharmacists  should raise awareness about the importance of otc meditation's   safety,  correct usage , dosage and storage.

·    They should aware the people about disadvantages of otc medication

·    While providing otc medication the pharmacists should analyse  the patient symptoms /conditions to decide whether the medicines are suitable or not.

·    The pharmacist should provide drug related information while dispensing OTC drugs .

·    They should guide on choosing otc meditation .

·    They should advise the patient to contact doctors /physicians or medical staff for medical treatment

·    The pharmacists should  advise  the patient to contact Health care professionals if any drug show severe adverse effect.

·    The pharmacist should advise the patient to verify the drugs active constituent if they are taking multiple otc drugs .

Risk Factors of OTC Medication

when OTC Medication is used without prescription and causnselling of a health  professionals , following factors should be consider :

1)  Allergic reaction : Like other medication they also can cause allergic reaction .

2) Side Effects : Even though OTC medication considered safe , they can still cause side effects , like drowsiness , dizziness , dry mouth etc.

3) Indication with other Medication : they can interact with other Prescription Medication or other OTC medication .

4) Misuse or Overuse : Misuse and Overuse can lead to severe complication or adverse effects .

 

Q. 5 . Write a note on communication skill including classification and  telephonic   , One to One ,  written communication  and body language .

Ans. Definition

Communication  a process in which two or more person share their views, suggestions , evidence , thought,  ideas, emotions  and feelings .

When Communication is done in a efficient way ( Good manner ) it is called skill .

Elements  Of communication skill

1) Sender / encoder :-  the creator of message or ideas.

2) Message  :- this is the thing  that  sender wants to share to the receiver.

3) Receiver /decoder /listener :- the person who receives the message of sender via any medium  .

4) Medium/ channel:-  it is a source that helps the sender to share his message to the receiver.

5) Feedback /reply

Types  communication

1) verbal communication

2) Non verbal communication

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